Improving Safety Measures in the Sri Lankan Construction Industry Essay Example For Students

Improving Safety Measures in the Sri Lankan Construction Industry Essay Development industry is one of the universe taking businesses today which other than contributes towards the country’s economony and work power is one of the central parts in the structure business. Development has been creating for mature ages however there are a few employments which has emerged with it. Today the structure business in Sri Lanka faces a clump of difficulties keeping the security and wellbeing of a structure site. On the off chance that this wellbeing and security are non controlled conventionally because of the mishaps caused it will other than sway the business as it is lost clasp, cost and assets. Control of risk and danger are increasingly harder as the status of a site shifts from a site to another site due to using substantial apparatus hardware, a large portion of the clasp it occurs because of miss of understanding and without holding legitimate achievement information, for example, holding unfit laborers. ( Allan and John, 2005 ) Accidents in buildin g can occur because of numerous grounds as site and conditions, device harms ( non using wellbeing apparatuses ) , cut power per unit region and damages and perishes because of tumbling from highs. Mishaps at a site can other than incorporate damages and expires as COSHH perils, suffocation, Burnss, consuming, harmful synthetic substances and introduction to asbestos, presentation to concoction, ergonomic and organic components and explosions. ( John p.s,2011 ) Around the Earth, like clockwork, a laborer passes on from a business related mishap or malady and at regular intervals, 151 specialists have a business related mishap. The International Labor Organization ( ILO ) gauges that more than 2,000,000 individuals bite the dust yearly from business related illnesses and 321,000 individuals kick the bucket every twelvemonth from word related mishaps. Madurawala ( 2013 ) Development laborers have picked up the most dark damages and have the most noteworthy figure of specialist harms in any industry. Fitting to Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) of Sri Lanka as the structure business is turning at an expanding rate the figure of lethal mishaps are other than expanding at a higher rate than that. Halwathura and Jayathunga ( 2013 ) Hence this unmistakably implies however the structure is turning rapidly less going to is paid towards the wellbeing and security of a structure site. Human services support, developing purging and care, travel and stuff moving, and building and extraction businesss are curiously at peril of harvest time harms, Mudugamuwa ( 2012 ) The structure business is recognized as a hazardous work which make a greater number of risks than some other industry ( Brace and Gibb, 2005 ) . The obligations of each one at work are Health A ; Safety ( H A ; S ) Davies and Thomasine ( 1990 ) Due to the neglection of wellbeing at a site awful wellbeing conditions, mishaps and loss of productiveness happens. The structure company’s course ought to do sure that they are liable for ordering and bettering the employments identified with H A ; S on locales. Hubbard ( 1986 ) focused on the significance of security callings at destinations in the structure business and how these callings could chop down the site mishaps. Besides, Abdelhamid and Everett ( 1998 ) , Everret and Pathan ( 1998 ) and Hinze ( 1998 ) broke down the cardinal reasons for building site harms and acciddents. In like manner, the mishaps and reasons for the mishaps starting at locales and how these mishaps can be decreased to the full were inspected by Bowen an d Hindle ( 1999 ) In request to expand the structure showcase with a mishap free condition the Health and Safety Strategy, 2004-2010 territories that the peril of the endeavors must be diminished and the endeavor quality must be overseen nicely. Development industry is a sensibly perilous work. In 1996, 350,000 representatives were harmed and 1000 different workers while working lost their lives, it was accounted for by the National Safety Council. It was point by point that in building 5 % were of the United States work power, 9 % were crippled and 20 % were representative fiascoes. .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .postImageUrl , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:hover , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:visited , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:active { border:0!important; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:active , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u7f99189f3fd1d 0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Gay Marriage EssayAnalyzing the mishap records, arranging the most recognizable way the mishaps go on were uncovered by an examination of the exploration on building security ( Fullman 1984 ; Goldsmith 1987 ; Culver et Al. 1990, 1992 ; Davies and Tomasin 1990 ; La Bette 1990 ; MacCollum 1990 ; Rietze 1990 ; Helander 1991 ; Peyton and Rubio 1991 ; Hinze 1997 ) . From the above examination they found of import data sing the structure mishaps what's more found the sort of the most risky mishaps that occur inside the structure business. Most risky mishaps were accounted for because of the tumbling from highs Culver et Al. ( 1990 ) à ¢â‚¬Å"Developers and their temporary workers divide a similar finish of completing the process of undertaking on cut, inside spending plan and to accomplish a quality and standard acceptable to both sides.† Construction Site wellbeing enchiridion ( 2005 ) It is our admission to happen the significant foundations for the mishaps made more than looking for thwart mishaps by our examination surveies. Mishap inclusion is an office to a terminal, non a terminal in itself. Earthy colored ( 1995 ) Besides the answers for the tests done at site mishaps ought to reveal â€Å"what† and â€Å"how† they happen to procure a correct idea of the reason for mishap. Therefore mishap bar can be reinforced on the off chance that it is forestalled by happening the underlying driver. Reason The central reason for this examination is to recognize and discuss the varying kinds of building mishaps which occur in Sri Lanka and to do the associations mindful of bettering the wellbeing steps. Furthermore to limit the figure of mishaps go oning every twenty-four hours more than trying to thwart the mishaps all in all. What's more, to boot to raise up the standards of security strategies at building ventures. English measures foundation, BS EN 60825, radiation, security of optical maser stocks, BSI, London English measures foundation, ( 2005 ) , PD 5304 ; 2005, counsel on safe hardware, BSI, London English measures foundation, ( 1981 ) , BS 6031, codification of example for earthworks, BSI London BS 2482, particular for blunder platforms sheets, British standards foundation, London BS5973, codification of example for course and working platforms and specific framework developments in steel, British standards foundation, London building ( Design and bearing ) statute, ( 2007 ) , the letter paper office, London Building site wellbeing enchiridion ( 2005 ) . The Real Estate Developers Association of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Construction Association. Davies V.J and Tomasin, K. ( 1990 ) , Construction Safety Hand Book, Thomsan Telford Ltd, Thomsan Telford House, Heron Quay, London. Halwathura, R.U and Jayatunga T.L ( 2013 ) , Heath and security aspects in developing structure industry in Sri Lanka. .Division of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa. Last got to day of the month 2013 at: hypertext move convention:/dl.lib.mrt.ac.lk/handle/123/9056 MADURAWALA, Sunimalee ( 2013 ) . Diing to work? Why wellbeing and security in work environment an of import monetary issue. . Every day Mirror, in significance, Wijeya Newspapers Ltd 2012. Last got to 5ThursdayOctober 2014 at: hypertext move convention:/www.dailymirror.lk/business/highlights/36948-biting the dust to-work-why-wellbeing and-security in-work environment a significant monetary issue.html Mudugamuwa, Maheesha ( 2012 ) .Work related mishaps: Construction, creating parts most perilous areas. .Sunday Island,7 May. Last got to 5 October 2014 at: hypertext move convention:/island.lk/index.php? page_cat=article-subtleties am

BATTLE OF THE ALAMO Free Essays

ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE. The attack and the last ambush on the Alamo in 1836 comprise the most praised military commitment in Texas history. The fight was obvious for the enormous number of celebrated characters among its soldiers. We will compose a custom exposition test on Clash OF THE ALAMO or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now These included Tennessee congressman David Crockett, business visionary globe-trotter James Bowie, and Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. In spite of the fact that not broadly well known at that point, William Barret Travis accomplished enduring differentiation as authority at the Alamo. For some Americans and most Texans, the fight has become an image of devoted penance. Conventional famous portrayals, including books, stage plays, and films, underline incredible viewpoints that regularly dark the recorded occasion. To comprehend the genuine fight, one must value its key setting in the Texas Revolution. In December 1835 a Federalist armed force of Texan (or Texian, as they were called) outsiders, American volunteers, and their Tejano partners had caught the town from a Centralist power during the attack of Bexar. With that triumph, a lion's share of the Texan volunteers of the â€Å"Army of the People† left help and came back to their families. By the by, numerous authorities of the temporary government dreaded the Centralists would mount a spring hostile. Two principle streets drove into Texas from the Mexican inside. The first was the Atascosito Road, which extended from Matamoros on the Rio Grande northward through San Patricio, Goliad, Victoria, lastly into the core of Austin’s settlement. The second was the Old San Antonio Road, a camino genuine that crossed the Rio Grande at Paso de Francia (the San Antonio Crossing) and twisted northeastward through San Antonio de Bexar, Bastrop, Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and over the Sabine River into Louisiana. Two posts obstructed these methodologies into Texas: Presidio La Bahia (Nuestra Senora de Loreto Presidio) at Goliad and the Alamo at San Antonio. Every establishment worked as an outskirts picket watch, prepared to alarm the Texas settlements of a foe advance. James Clinton Neill got order of the Bexar battalion. Somewhere in the range of ninety miles toward the southeast, James Walker Fannin, Jr. , in this manner took order at Goliad. Most Texan pioneers had come back to the solaces of home and hearth. Thus, recently showed up American volunteers-some of whom included their time in Texas constantly comprised a dominant part of the soldiers at Goliad and Bexar. Both Neill and Fannin resolved to slow down the Centralists on the wilderness. All things considered, they worked under no daydreams. Without expedient fortifications, neither the Alamo nor Presidio La Bahia could long withstand an attack. At Bexar were some twenty-one gunnery bits of different gauge. Due to his mounted guns understanding and his ordinary armed force commission, Neill was a coherent decision to order. All through January he gave a valiant effort to sustain the mission stronghold on the edges of town. Maj. Green B. Jameson, boss architect at the Alamo, introduced a large portion of the guns on the dividers. Jameson bragged to Gen. Sam Houston that if the Centralists raged the Alamo, the protectors could â€Å"whip 10 to 1 with our mounted guns. † Such forecasts demonstrated unreasonably idealistic. A long way from the greater part of Texas settlements, the Bexar army experienced an absence of even essential provender. On January 14 Neill composed Houston that his kin were in a â€Å"torpid, exposed condition. † That day he dispatched a dreary message to the temporary government: â€Å"Unless we are fortified and victualled, we should turn into a simple prey to the adversary, in the event of an assault. â€Å" The most effective method to refer to BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, Papers

Writing Parenthood

Writing Parenthood Being a writer, I knew that when I became a parent, I would want to document the experience. I meant to write more during pregnancy, but morning (read: all-day) sickness and extreme fatigue had other plans. Now that my son is here, I want to write about motherhood, but lets be honest: who wants to read overly sentimental, mushy-gushy crap that is better suited to a journal? No one. Which is why writing well about something is so hard. Especially something as subjective and as suffused with emotion as parenthood. Thats where books come in. Whenever I have a question or problem, I turn to books. While theres no shortage of parenting books or memoirs, there are considerably less books about writing parenthood. That being said, Ive found some excellent ones that I return to, again and again. (I havent looked for ones that target fathers, but Ive never stumbled upon one, either. I hope that one exists). Writing Motherhood  by Lisa Garrigues, is based on her writing workshops of the same name. This was the first book about writing parenthood that I ever read, and it remains one of my favorites. A combination of memoir, anecdotes from her class, and instruction guide, the writing prompts and excerpts from others writing propels you to think about how youre writing about the topic. Use Your Words: A Writing Guide for Mothers  by Kate Hopper, is another book that blends memoir and writing instruction, but this one focuses a bit more on the craft of writing itself, examining things like tense, voice, and structure. The writing prompts are plentiful and detailed, and really stretch your comfort zones. Anne Lamotts Operating Instructions: A Journal of My Sons First Year isnt a book about how to write parenthood, per se but it teaches the reader about good writing. Yes, she structures it as a journal and calls it such, but the prose is tight and clear, she steers away from self-pity, navel gazing, and sentimentality, and crafts a deeply personal, funny as hell, and heartbreaking book. She illustrates that parenthood is hard, gut-wrenching, and many of its experiences are universal, making the reader feel a lot less alone. Nurture the Wow: Finding Spirituality in the Frustration, Boredom, Tears, Poop, Desperation, Wonder, and Radical Amazement of Parenting  by Danya Ruttenberg, is another book thats not about writing, but teaches it, nonetheless. There have been several articles lately about the complex interplay between creativity and parenthood, and whether its possible to have both (but funny enough, it seems to focus on motherhood fatherhood is never seen as a problem to creativity/productivity). As a new parent, this book has been that reassuring voice letting me know that all the feelings of ambivalence, sleep deprivation, fear, uncertainty, and even joy, are all normal. It helps me stay sane which, in turn, allows me to write.

Inexpressibility - Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

The Ways to Estimate the Direct and Indirect Costs and Benefits of the Key Risk Management Decisions Free Essay Example, 1500 words

In this age of competitiveness, reputation and sustainability are two essential requirements of an organization operating in domestic or entering a new market. This is because; it takes a huge time-span for an organization to develop its reputation and brand image within the minds of its target customers. But, it might get destroyed just within some minutes due to worse quality of products or high environmental impact. Therefore, in order to save the organization from such types of risks, high level of investment might be done in selecting the raw material suppliers and the ingredients used. Along with this, the organization might also invest high costs at the time of selecting inventive machines to reduce environmental impacts. This might prove effective in enhancing the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of the organization thereby amplifying its reputation and brand image as well in the foreign market. Side by side, due to high loyalty, the range of customers might get enhance d thereby reducing the fear of new entrants (Globe Business Publishing Ltd, 2013). Other than this, varied types of training programs might also be implemented within the organization, so as to enhance the inner skills and talents of the employees to invent new product lines. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ways to Estimate the Direct and Indirect Costs and Benefits of the Key Risk Management Decisions or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page 78-89).

Impact Of Social Networking On Social Media - 1320 Words

Impact of Social Networking Crimes Divya Joshi, Hepi Suthar Students At Gujarat Forensic Sciences University Gandhinagar, India Abstract Social networking on social media websites involves the use of the internet to connect users with their friends, family and acquaintances. Social media websites are not necessarily about meeting new people online, although this does happen. This online social network is useful for spreading information, pictures and videos and generally staying in touch with people you wouldn t normally get to interact with all the time. Social Network is now available as application which is used in Smartphone so people now easily connected and share information, pictures, videos etc. using whatsApp, hike, Facebook, hangout, etc.In this paper, create an invisible iplogger which is sending with a message using the different social networking apps and get the IP address of the receiver device. Key words: Social Networking crimes, users safety, IP Address, Geo Location, I. Introduction A social networking service is an internet based service, platform, or a site that focuses on facilitating the building of social networks or social relationships among people who, for example, share interests, activities, backgrounds, or real-life relations. social network service consists of a representative of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Social media is an internet-based form of communication. Social mediaShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Impact of Social Media/Networking on Today’s Society2211 Words   |  9 Pagesnegative influence on society and individuals. To me, social media has created a new form of bullying, stereotyping, and racism. Along with the overuse of the internet, giving social media more authority, where it is able to expand in form. 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Write about Facebook, other social networking sites and their impact on society.(good and bad) Throughout history we have gone through multiple revolutions, like the Agricultural Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and now the Knowledge or Information Revolution. But has the Knowledge Revolution paved the way for another revolution? It seems, more now than ever, that we are in a CommunicationRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Society1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Social Networking Intro Over half of the world uses the internet. 2.2 billion people actively use any kind of social networking. There were 176 million new users of social media just last year (Regan 1). With the influence of so many people a pressing question: Is the impact of social media harmful or beneficial in its effects? Social networking is one of the biggest reports of online traffic. So, if so many people are using these networking sites, what are the effects on us? The â€Å"first†Read MoreThe Negative Impact Of Social Media852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Negative Impact of Social Media According to the Pew Research Center, â€Å"41% of social media-users have experienced at least one negative outcome as a result of using a social networking site.† In this article, Norton uses logos, pathos, and ethos to explain his standpoint to his audience. Logos are used when Norton brings up the legal issues of social media such as privacy concerns. Bringing the reader into Norton’s own personal experiences of abuse and name-calling uses pathos. Finally, ethosRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1359 Words   |  6 PagesPeople may say social media is good for you but is it really? Everyday, everywhere I always see people on social media calling people bad names, not being able to communicate face to face with each other. 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Essay on Flickr, Mediafire, Instagram and Shutterfly Example For Students

Essay on Flickr, Mediafire, Instagram and Shutterfly Flickr is an image and file hosting site created by Ludicorp in 2004, a Vancouver-based company founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fakeand. The company was later acquired by Yahoo in 2005. It is a popular site used by bloggers, photo researchers, and the online communities in general to share, post, customize, and store personal photographs. There are three types of accounts that users can sign up for using Flicker. When applying for the basic version of the service, there is no cost. This free version of Flickr allows users to upload up to one terabyte of data through their entire life of using an account. The one terabyte, however, is limited to 200MB per photo and 1GB per video. Videos, fortunately, can be uploaded with a maximum resolution of 1080p. With 1080p resolution, videos come out clear, bright, and vivid. In the other hand, there is the Ad free option to the service. The Ad free choice allows subscribers to avoid advertisement for an annual fee. This means that there will be no annoying advertisements when users try to upload, view, or share content. This benefit costs a low fee of $49.99 a year and receives all the benefits of a free account. Fortunately, Flickr has a variety of options for a user. One of these options allows users to make their content private. The feature enables people to prioritize what they want to allows the public and friends to see. Another feature is the ability to edit uploaded photos. Photos can be edited with easy to use tools at a novice scale. The tool is not as great as professional software like Photoshop, but it still provides a cool and useful feature for account holders. In conclusion Flicker is an excellent site that was acquired by Yahoo. It offers a variety of services that gives users the ability to not only enhance their photographs, but also share them. The site is great for people who want to show off their family, vacation, or random photos. It is an easy and fun web page to use with loads of cloud space that provides storage of up to 1TB of tolerable content. Mediafire is a file hosting and sharing website that has become very popular in the past couple of years. Mediafire uses cloud storage, as defined by Technopedia, â€Å"Cloud storage is a cloud computing model in which data is stored on remote servers accessed from the Internet, or cloud. It is maintained, operated and managed by a cloud storage service provider on a storage servers that are built on virtualization techniques† (â€Å"Cloud storage,†). Mediafire was founded in August 2006 by CEO Derek Labian and other entrepreneurs. They decided to develop the website because they were frustrated with having to upload large data files into e-mails or FTPS in order to share data with others. Most of the time, the e-mails people would send to others would take a long time to arrive. Another issue before cloud technology was that in some cases the e-mails sent with data, never arrived and the data would be deleted. It was a very frustrating time for people who enjoyed or wo rked sharing media through the internet. Presently, file sharing has changed and sites like Mediafire are evolving rapidly. Using Mediafire, you can store, organize, and share data via the internet to popular social networks like Facebook or Twitter. Mediafire also has a mobile application which allows you to view and share documents. One of the newest changes Mediafire has introduced is Mediafire Desktop (beta). This can be downloaded straight from the website. One of the most convenient features of this new software is the ability to view and share data without having to log into Mediafire. Currently, Mediafire Desktop is still in beta testing; therefore it is still undergoing some minor changes before it is fully released. Data that has been stored using Mediafire can be accessed by creating a username and password on the website. Mediafire has a range of plans that you can choose from. The popular one between users is the basic plan which offers 10 GB of memory, free of cost. One of the problems many people encounter with this plan is that it has advertisements. Mediafire offers ways to gain free storage by simply downloading the mobile application or the desktop version. As well as, referring friends to Mediafire and sharing the website to friends on social networks. One of the downfalls with the free version as explained in an article is â€Å"with Mediafire you can only upload a file as large as 200mb if you are a free user. While downloading, you can only download individual files and not the entire folder† (Jariwala, 2013). This shows how the free version is not suitable for everyone; it really depends on how you are planning to use MediafFire. The following plan is the pro plan, which offers memory from 100 GB, 200 GB, or 500 GB. You can choose to pay monthly or yearly. The yearly prices range from $24.99 to $99.99. The pro plans are ad free and offer recommendations on which plan to choose depending on what you will store. The final plan is the premium plan which is marketed for businesses but can also be purchased by anyone. This plan includes multiple user accounts, customizable branding, and a detailed security log. Storage starts from 1 TB to 100 TB and prices range from $64.99 to $3,749.99 quarterly. For the average person it may seem like much but to a large business this space is adequate. As explained in an article about Mediafire for business use, â€Å"Business users will like that Mediafire supports custom branding, so you can put your own logo on the file site, and you can incorporate the Filedrop widget on to your company Web page. The professional and business sites also allow you to upload an entire folder , which is something you cant do with the free version† (Network World, 2013). As explained, Mediafire has many features that make it appealing to people with businesses. Currently, it is working on new ways to promote cloud storage, especially safe cloud storage. In my belief, this is only the beginning of Mediafire as a cloud storage server; there are still many changes to this new technology. Instagram is one of the 4 different file hosting and sharing sites used by millions of people all over the world. Before Instagram was created, it started out as an HTML5 mobile web app called Burbn. It was originally created by Kevin Systrom while he was still working at Nextstop. The Burn starts off as a foursquare check in application that Kavin Systrom decided to show to a couple of friends. He then took it upon himself to go on his own and create his own company, which is when his co-founder Mike Krieger came into the picture. By then the Burn application was more than just for check-ins it allowed people to make plans, earn some kinds of point for being with friends, and were able to post pictures etc. After a while both decided to just focus on the photo part of the application that leads quickly to the creation of Instagram. Social Media Has a Negative Effect on Body Image and Self Esteem EssayShutterfly is connected with Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Pinterest, blogs and community forums. The app is available through Google Play and iTunes. Shutterfly also has a channel available through Roku, a â€Å"little box† that streams directly from the Internet. Testimonials, advertisements, and how-to videos are displayed on Shutterfly’s YouTube account. Shutterfly users can easily upload via desktop, tablet, smartphone, Picasa, Adobe Photoshop, share sites, and social networks. In addition, friends and family are able to view photos, videos and ideograms without an account so memories can be shared via these social networks, email, and share sites. Share sites are free, public or private websites to share photos and videos with friends, family or groups. Creators have the option of displaying their photos with designs for every style and occasion. Shutterfly features the following share site designs: family, sports teams, classroom, events celebrations, baby, clubs groups, wedding, travel, photo gallery, and sports leagues clubs. The creator can choose from these exclusive templates or customize it. There are no restrictions to only sharing photos and videos; messages, updates, calendars, pills, team rosters, forums and more can be shared. The incentive for generating a share site is to receive 30 free prints. Along with photo books, cards, gifts, prints and share sites, calendars and home decor also retain the ability to be individualized. Orders are provided with in-detail descriptions and, if needed, customer service is only a click or phone call away. Costs may vary due to the fluctuating prices amidst products and customization. Special offers, promotions and saving plans are available directly on their website to help reduce prices. Gift certificates can invest $10 to $100; they are available in five denominations. They never expire and can be delivered traditionally or by email. Unfortunately, gift certificates cannot be processed on items through the iPhone app. Bibliography 9 free personal clouds offer something for everyone. (2013). Network World (Online), Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/1434764392?accountid=12793 Cloud storage. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.techopedia.com/definition/26535/cloud-storage Jariwala, D. (2013, octorber 21). 12 personl cloud storage services to choose from. Retrieved from http://www.techstagram.com/2013/10/21/12-cloud-storage/ Express Uploader The fastest way to upload. (n.d.). Shutterfly. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/upload-pictures/ Free Online Photo Sharing | Share Pictures Instantly | Shutterfly. (n.d.). Free Online Photo Sharing | Share Pictures Instantly | Shutterfly. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/nav/signedOutShare.sfly Gift Certificates. (n.d.). Shutterfly , Online Gift Certificate and Email Gift Certificate. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/photo-gifts/gift-certificates Occasions. (n.d.). Photo Books, Holiday Cards, Photo Cards, Birth Announcements, Photo Printing. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/occasions Photo Books. (n.d.). , Photo Albums, Create a Photo Book, Personalized Photo Album. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/photo-books Photo Books, Holiday Cards, Photo Cards, Birth Announcements, Photo Printing | Shutterfly. (n.d.). Photo Books, Holiday Cards, Photo Cards, Birth Announcements, Photo Printing | Shutterfly. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/ Promotion Details. (n.d.). Photo Books, Holiday Cards, Photo Cards, Birth Announcements, Photo Printing. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/promotions_details/ Savings Plans. (n.d.). Photo , Photo Plans, Annual Print Plans, and Pre-Paid Photo Plans. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/savings-plans Search. (n.d.). Support Home. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://shutterfly-2.custhelp.com/app/path/landing Share Sites | Welcome. (n.d.). Share Sites | Welcome. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/sites/create/welcome.sfly?fid=a61105e040ead4b3 Shutterfly edit. (n.d.). Shutterfly. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.crunchbase.com/company/shutterfly Shutterfly. (n.d.). YouTube. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.youtube.com/user/Shutterfly Shutterfly Mobile. (n.d.). iPhone and iPad Photo App, Mobile Photo Sharing Applications, Share iPhone Photos. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/mobile/ Special Offers. (n.d.). Shutterfly , Shutterfly Coupons, Shutterfly Discounts and Promo Codes. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterfly.com/special-offers TV has never been better.. (n.d.). Roku Streaming Player. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.roku.com/meet-roku Who we are. (n.d.). Shutterfly, Inc.. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.shutterflyinc.com/about.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram http://instagram.com/about/us/ http://www.forbes.com/sites/limyunghui/2012/04/09/inspiring-insights-by-instagram-ceo-kevin-systrom-the-man-who-built-a-1-billion-startup/ http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/13/technology/startups/instagram_burbn/ http://howto.cnet.com/8301-11310_39-57559810-285/how-to-back-up-your-instagram-photos-and-delete-your-account/ http://help.instagram.com/371306456286878/ http://help.instagram.com/186754094794097

Professional Ethics free essay sample

The Ethical Question is the question of the morality of free and responsible human conduct. It is the question of right, of wrong, and of duty, in mans conscious and deliberate activity. The department of philosophy which answers this question is called Moral Philosophy or Ethics. This science grows out of the rest of philosophy. For when we have a philosophical grasp of the possibility of achieving certitude and of right formulas for reasoning out truth, then we are necessarily aware of the need of the true program for right human living. General Ethics Topics.Ends of Human Acts; c. Norms of Human Acts; d. Morality of Human Acts; e. Properties and Consequences of Human Acts. a) Human Acts The term human act has a fixed technical meaning. It means an act (thought, word, deed, desire, omission) performed by a human being when he is responsible; when he knows what he is doing and wills to do it. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An act is perfectly human when it is done with full knowledge and full consent of the will, and with full and unhampered freedom of choice. If the act is hampered in any way, it is less perfectly human; if it is done without knowledge or consent it is not a human act at all.An act done by a human being but without knowledge and consent is called an act of a person but not a human act. In the terminology of classical realistic philosophy, a human act is actus humanus; an act of a person is actus hominis. The essential elements of a human act are three: knowledge, freedom, actual choice. (1) Knowledge: A person is not responsible for an act done in ignorance, unless the ignorance is the persons own fault, and is therefore willed (vincible ignorance), in which case he has knowledge that he is in ignorance and ought to dispel it. Thus, in one way or another, knowledge is necessary for responsible human activity. 2) Freedom: A person is not responsible for an act over which he has no control, unless he deliberately surrenders such control by running into conditions and circumstances which rob him of liberty. Thus, in one way or another, freedom is necessary for every human act. (3) Actual choice or voluntariness: A person is not responsible for an act which he does not will, unless he wills to give up his self-control (as a man does, for instance, in allowing himself to be hypnotized, or by deliberately becoming intoxicated). Thus, in one way or another, voluntariness or actual choice enters into every human act.Now, a human act is a willed act. It proceeds from the will, following the knowledge and judgment of the mind or intellect. Since what refers to the freewill is usually described as moral, a human act is a moral act. Since the will is free, a human act is a free act. A human act comes from the will directly or indirectly. When the act itself is the choice of the will, it comes directly from the will and is said to be willed in se or in itself. When the act comes indirectly from the will, inasmuch as the will chooses rather what causes or occasions the act than the act itself, it is said to be willed in its cause or in causa.Thus a man who wills to become intoxicated, wills it directly or in se; a man who does not wish to become intoxicated, but who seeks entertainment where, as experience tells him, he is almost sure to become intoxicated, wills the intoxication indirectly or in causa. This distinction of direct and indirect willing (or direct and indirect voluntariness) raises a notable issue, and we have here two of the most important principles (that is, fundamental guiding truths) in all ethics. These are: (1) The Principle of Indirect Voluntariness: A person is responsible for the evil effect of a cause directly willed when three conditions are met: hen he can readily foresee the evil effect, at least in a general way; when he is free to refrain from doing what causes the evil effect; and when he is bound to refrain from doing what causes the evil effect. But is the agent (that is, the doer of an act) not always bound to avoid what causes an evil effect? Is not the fact that the effect is evil a sufficient reason for rendering the act which leads to it unlawful? Not always, for sometimes the act has two effects, one good and one evil. In this case, the following principle applies.Sound human reason vindicates the value and trustworthiness of these two leading ethical principles. The basic law of morals, called the natural law, is summed up in this plain mandate of reason: We must do good; we must avoid evil. And, developing the second point, that is, the avoidance of evil, we have this basic rational principle: We must never do what is evil, even though good may be looked for and intended as a result of it. Human acts are modified, that is, affected, and made less perfectly human, by anything that hampers or hinders any of the three essentials of human action: knowledge, freedom, voluntariness.Chief of the modifiers of human acts are these: (1) Ignorance. Ignorance that may be overcome by due diligence is called vincible ignorance or culpable ignorance; ignorance that cannot be expelled by due diligence is called invincible ignorance or inculpable ignorance. The reasoned ethical principle on this point is: Invincible ignorance destroys voluntariness and relieves the agent of responsibility; vincible ignorance lessens but does not remove voluntariness and responsibility. (2) Concupiscence.By concupiscence we mean any of the g human impulses or tendencies technically called the passions. These are: love, hatred, grief, desire, aversion, hope, despair, courage, fear, anger. When concupiscence sweeps upon a person without his intending it, it is called antecedent concupiscence; when a person wills it (as in the case of a man who nurses his injuries, or stirs himself to revenge, or who allows a suddenly envisioned obscene image to remain in his mind or before his eyes) it is called consequent concupiscence.The ethical principle here is: Antecedent concupiscence lessens voluntariness and responsibility but does not take them away; consequent concupiscence does not lessen voluntariness and responsibility. Of all the types of concupiscence which influence human acts, fear has a peculiar significance, and we have a special reasoned principle for it: An act done from a motive of fear is simply voluntary; the agent is responsible for it, even though he would not do it were he not under the sway of fear. Of course, if the fear is so great that it renders the agent insane at the moment of his act, he is incapable of a human act and is not responsible.Civil law m ake provisions for the nullifying of contracts made under the stress of fear (that is, of threat, or duress), for the common good requires that people be protected from the malice of unscrupulous persons who would not hesitate to enforce harmful bargains by fearsome means. (3) Violence. Coaction or violence is external force applied by a free cause (that is, by human beings) to compel a person to do something contrary to his will. The ethical principle with respect to violence is: An act owing to violence to which due resistance is made, is not voluntary, and the agent is not responsible for it. 4) Habit. Habit is a readiness, born of repeated acts, for doing a certain thing. The ethical principle is: Habit does not take away voluntariness; acts done from habit are voluntary, at least in cause, as long as the habit is permitted to continue. (5) Fear. Fear is the shrinking of the appetite from some evil that is difficult to avoid. Actions taken on account of fear are voluntary and so are IMPUTABLE (we are responsible for them). Fear of some great evil may excuse people from immediate compliance to human law, but not in cases where this would involve some violation of the Natural Law.For example, lawyers, doctors and priests have a grave obligation to keep secrets told to them in confidence. b) Ends of Human Acts An end is a purpose or goal. It is that for which an act is performed. It is the final cause of an act. An end intended for itself is an ultimate end; an end intended as a measure or means of gaining a further end is an intermediate end. The first end (in order of attainment) is proximate; other ends are remote. An ultimate end is ultimate in a certain series of ends, or it is the crowning end of all human activity.The ultimate end of a series is called relatively ultimate; the crowning end of all human activity is called absolutely ultimate. A young man entering medical school has, as proximate and intermediate ends, the passing of his exams, and the advance from the first to the second class; more remote ends are the exams and classes further on; the ultimate end of the whole series of his studies and efforts is the status of a physician. But this end is relatively ultimate, not absolutely so. Why does he wish to be a physician? Perhaps to do good and to have an honorable means of livelihood.But why does he want this? For a full life, a rounded satisfaction in his earthly existence? But why does he want these things? Inevitably, in view of a still further end. For all human ends are directed, in last analysis, to an all-sufficing absolutely ultimate end. This is the completely satisfying end or good; it is the Supreme and Infinite Good; it is the Summum Bonum; and, for theists, it is God. An end as a thing desired or intended is called objective. The satisfaction looked for in the attainment and possession of the objective end, is the subjective end.Man, in every human act, strives for the possession of good (for end and good are synonymous), and for infinite good or God. This is the absolutely ultimate objective end of all human activity. And man strives for the infinite good as that which will boundlessly satisfy; he looks for complete beatitude or complete happiness in the attainment and possession of God. This is the absolutely ultimate subjective end of all human activity. Saint and sinner alike are striving towards God. The Saint is striving in the right direction, and the sinner in the wrong direction.But it is the one Goal they are after, that is, the full, everlasting, satisfaction of all desire. The good man in his good human acts and the evil man in his evil human acts are like two men digging for diamonds; the one digs in a diamond mine, the other perversely digs in a filthy heap of rubbish; the one works where diamonds are to be found, the others work is hopeless of success. But it is to find diamonds that both are working. Man necessarily (and not freely) intends or wills the supreme and absolute end of all human acts. Man freely (and not necessarily) chooses the means that is, intermediate ends) by which he expects, wisely or perversely, to attain that end. c) Norms of Human Acts A norm is a rule; it is the measure of a thing. The norm of human acts is the rule which shows whether they measure up to what they should be, and indicates the duty of bringing them up to full standard of what they ought to be. The norms of human acts are law and conscience. More precisely, the one norm of human acts is law applied by conscience. Law is an ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good by one who has charge of society.Fundamentally, law is an ordinance of Infinite Reason for all mankind and for every creature. In this sense, law means the Eternal Law which is Gods plan and providence for the universe. Inasmuch as this law is knowable by a normal mind which reasons to it from the facts of experience, the Eternal Law is called the natural law. For when a person ceases to be a baby and becomes responsible, this is owing to the fact that he recognizes the following truth: There is such a thing as good; there is such a thing as evil; I have a duty to avoid evil and to do good. A child of ten that knew no distinction between lies and truth, theft and honesty, obedience and disobedience, would rightly be classed as an imbecile. Indeed, we say that a person comes to the use of reason when he begins to have a practical grasp of three things: good, evil, duty. In other words, reason makes evident the basic prescriptions of the natural law. The natural law is general. But man needs, in addition to general prescriptions for conduct, special determinations of the law such as, for instance, the enactments of the State in civil and criminal laws. Law is for the common good.Special regulations for individuals or groups are called precepts. A precept is like a law inasmuch as it is a regulation or an ordering unto good. A precept is unlike a law inasmuch as it is rather for private than for common good. In human laws and precepts, a further distinction is made. A law is territorial; it binds in a certain place and not in other places; a precept is personal, and it binds the person subject to it wherever he may be. Again, a law endures even though the actual persons who formulated and promulgated it are dead and gone; a precept ends with the death (or removal from office) of the preceptor. True law is a liberating force, not an enslaving one. A true law may be compared to a true map. The map does not enslave the traveler, but enables him to make his journey without hindrance or mishap. The man who says he will not be enslaved by maps, is a prey to ignorance, and is thus truly enslaved; the man who uses the map is liberated from the enslavement of ignorance and is freed to make the journey. For liberty does not include in its essence the ability to do wrong. This ability is a sad condition of earthly human existence; it is not a part of liberty itself.God can do no wrong, yet God is infinitely free. The souls in heaven can no longer sin, and yet they have not lost freedom, but have used freedom and brought it to its crowning perfection. Mans freedom is freedom of the choice of means to his ultimate end; when the end is attained, means are no longer needed, and the freedom which won to success is forever crowned in full perfection. Law that is set down in recorded enactments is called positive law. The moral law as knowable to sound human reason (that is, the Eternal Law as so knowable) is called, as we have seen, the natural law.A law is called moral if it binds under guilt. It is called penal if it binds under penalty (such as a fine). It is called mixed if it binds under both guilt and penalty. It is a debated question among ethicians whether there can be a law that is entirely and exclusively penal. All true laws have sanctions, that is, inducements (of reward or punishment prescribed) sufficient to make those bound by them obedient to their prescriptions. Human positive law usually has the sanction of penalty, not of special reward. In individual human acts, law is applied by conscience.Conscience is the practical judgment of human reason upon an act as good, and hence permissible or obligatory, or as evil, and hence to be avoided. Conscience is the reasoned judgment of the mind. It is no instinct, no sentiment, no prejudice born of custom or what moderns call mores; it is no still small voice; it is no little spark of celestial fire. It is the pronouncement of reason, the reason with which we work out a problem in mathematics, only, to be called conscience it must be the working out of a judgment or pronouncement in the domain of morals, of duty.When the judgment of conscience squares with facts, conscience is called correct or true. When the conscience-judgment is out of line with facts, conscience is called false. When the conscience-judgment is wholly assured and unhesitant, conscience is called certain. When the conscience judgment is hesitant, and amounts to no more than opinion, conscience is called doubtful. Doubt is speculative when it is a lack of certainty about what is true; it is practical when it is a lack of certainty about what is to be done.A doubt is positive when the mind hesitates between two opposites because there seems good reason for each; it is negative when the mind hesitates because there seems no good reason on either side. A most important reasoned principle is the following: It is never lawful to act while in a state of positive practical doubt. The doubt must be dispelled and replaced by at least moral certitude. To dispel positive practical doubt, a person must use the direct method of study, inquiry, finding all the facts.If this method prove unsuccessful, or if it cannot be applied, then the indirect method (called the appeal to the reflex principle) must be employed. This means that the person in doubt about the licitness or illicitness of an act can make sure that he is not bound by applying the reflex principle: A law that is of doubtful application cannot beget a certain obligation. In this case, certitude is attained, not of the case itself, but of the persons freedom from obligation: thus, it is an indirect certitude. Out of the use of the reflex principle just mentioned, emerges the theory called Probabilism. It amounts to this : If there exists a solidly probable opinion against the applicability of a law in a given case, that law is of doubtful applicability. In other words, it is a doubtful law. But a doubtful law cannot beget a certain obligation. Therefore, if there exists a solidly probable opinion against the applicability of a law in a given case, there is no obligation. The moral system of Probabilism is of value only when there is question of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of an act; it has no place when the question is one of the validity or invalidity of contract.Further, the phrase a solidly probable opinion does not mean a strong inclination or liking on the part of the agent; it means a reasoned opinion, especially such as is defended by men of known learning and prudence. Probabilism, or the application of the reflex principle, a doubtful law does not bind, cannot be employed except in the failure or the inapplicability of the direct method of solving a doubt. Nor can it be used when there is question of a clear and definite end to be achieved. d) Morality of Human Acts Morality is the relation of human acts to the norm or rule of what they ought to be.As we have seen, the norm of human acts is law applied by conscience. And the basic law is the Eternal Law, especially as this is knowable by sound human reason (it is then called the natural law). The squaring up of free and responsible human conduct with law as applied by conscience is the morality of human acts; the lack of such agreement of human acts with their norm is immorality. But, as we have indicated, morality is generally used to signify the relation (whether of agreement or disagreement) of human acts to their norm or rule. Thus we speak of morally good acts and of morally bad acts. A human act considered as such, as an act, as a deed performed, stands in agreement or out of agreement with the norm of what it ought to be. Thus it has objective morality. Many mistaken people of our day, especially those of university training, are fond of talking as though a human act took all its morality from the intention of the agent, or from his viewpoint. They are full of expressions such as, As I see it , To my mind . . . , I dont look at it in that way . . . , Its all in the point of view . . . etc. Now, there is an immense field for human opinion.Where certitude cannot be had, opinion is the best man can achieve. But in matters of essential morals, certitude can be had (as we have seen, by direct method, or, this failing, by the reflex method). Hence the lawfulness or unlawfulness of an act, its morality, in short, is never a matter of opinion, viewpoint, prejudice, or preference. It is a matter of fact. It is an objective thing. Human acts have objective morality. A person blamelessly mistaken about the objective morality of an act is exempt (by reason of invincible ignorance) from responsibility for such act.Thus, a person who is invincibly ignorant of the fact that a lie is always unlawful, and who is convinced with full certitude that in certain circumstances a lie is permissible, is not guilty of formal falsehood for telling such a lie. But this does not mean that the objective morality of a lie is a fiction or an illusion; it does not mean that the morality of an act depends on the agents convictions. The lie is objectively evil and remains so. Only, in the case mentioned, invincible ignorance excuses the agent from responsibility for it. And so much the worse for the agent, for ignorance is always a blight and a burden. Some acts have their objective morality in themselves by reason of their nature. Murder, lying, calumny, injustice, are examples of acts intrinsically evil. Respect for life, truthfulness, charity, justice, are examples of acts intrinsically good. Other human acts have their objective morality by reason of positive law, which is an extrinsic determinant. Thus, hunting out of season, violating the speed laws, are acts objectively but extrinsically evil.Obeying civil ordinances, performing the duty of true citizens as expressed by law, are, in the main, acts objectively but extrinsically good. The basic virtue of being a good citizen, however, is intrinsically good. In the concrete, as a deed done, every human act has true objective morality. But when a human act is considered in the abstract, in general, and not as a concrete deed performed, it is sometimes found to be indifferent, and neither good nor bad. In other words, some human acts are not intrinsically good or intrinsically evil in themselves as abstractly considered.But in their actual performing, they take on morality (and truly objective morality) from the circumstances. For the determinants of morality are the act performed and the circumstances of the act performed. The act performed is technically known as the object. Human acts that have intrinsic morality are good or evil by reason of the object, that is the act itself. Such acts, if evil, are never permissible. If good, and if circumstances do not vitiate them, they are lawful. Some of them are not capable of being vitiated by circumstances, and these are always lawful, and also of obligation.Such, for example, is the duty of professing the truth, of working justice to all men. The circumstances of an act performed determine its morality when the object does not do so. Circumstances are various, but the most important are those of person, of the intensity of the act, of place, of time, of helping influences in the act, of manner, and of intention. The last named (that is intention of the agent or doer) is the most notable circumstance. Of circumstances in general, the ethical principles are these: an indifferent act is made good or evil by circumstances; good act may be made evil by circumstances but an evil act cannot be made good by circumstances; an act is made better or worse by circumstances; a circumstance gravely evil ruins the morality of the whole act and makes it evil; a circumstance slightly evil, which is not the entire motive of a good act, does not utterly destroy its goodness. Of intention in special, the ethical principles are these: a good act done for a good intention has an added goodness from the intention, and a bad act for a bad intention has an added evil from the intention; And therefore he tends to act in the same way again. In a word, human acts tend to follow patterns called habits. By habit in the present instance we mean an operative habit, a habit of acting. Such a habit is an inclination, born of frequently repeated action, for acting in a certain way. An operative habit that is morally good is called a virtue. An operative habit that is morally bad is called a vice. Virtues and vices are the consequences of human acts. The chief-virtues are prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance.These are called the cardinal virtues (from the Latin cardo, stem cardin-, a hinge) because all other virtues depend on them as a door depends on its hinges. Vice, or habit of evil doing, is a habitual defect, a habitual failure to measure up to the norm of right conduct and of the virtues. A single bad act is a sin, but not a vice. Vice is the habit of sin. It stands opposed to virtue either by defect or by excess, but in either case it is a habitual failure (a negative thing) to measure up to the standard of what a human act ought to be. Professional Ethics free essay sample Nurses represent the largest group of health care professionals† (Sarikonda-Woitas Robinson, 2002, p. 72). Professional nurses are accountable for his or her ethical conduct. Medical professionals have a legal and ethical responsibility to deliver safe, quality care taking into account the patients’ individual needs and allowing self-determination. The nursing codes of ethics are formal statements guiding professional conduct and informing the public of the nursing professions commitment and beliefs. This nursing code of ethics along with specific state law nurse practice acts, guide nurses in practicing safely within legal and ethical boundaries. Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"Ethics, like values, is individualistic† (p. 2). Legal and Ethical Relationships Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"The disciplines of law and professional nursing have been officially integrated since the first mandatory nurse practice act was passed by the New York legislature in 1938† (p. 15). Laws are created to govern the public. According to Dictionary. com (n. d. ), â€Å"the legal system interprets and enforces laws† (legal system). We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a person violates a law his or her freedom is at risk and can be taken from him or her. Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"Created by individuals and capable of being changed, the legal system is a general foundation that gives continuing guidance to health care providers, regardless of their personal views and value system† (p. 3). Ethics are based on a framework of values, philosophies and can be interpreted differently by individuals (Wacker Guido, 2006). Ethics can be defined as beliefs, standards, or morals accepted and agreed upon by a specific group. The American Nursing Association (2001) website code of ethics with interpretive statements advises that each individual nurse is responsible for his or her own individual practice. It would not be outside the realm of consideration that he or she may have a legal action, that is held to be unethical and vice versa that an ethical action would be held to be illegal. With this, dilemmas arise and require the nurse to seek assistance from a board of ethics or simply make their decision with the full knowledge that he or she will be held accountable for their decisions. As the scope of professional nursing practice becomes more complex, the individual nurse must exercise judgment in accepting responsibilities, seeking consultation, and assigning activities to others who implement nursing services† (Milton, 2008, p. 301). Personal and Professional Values I consider my values to be closely linked with my morals. I use my values and morals to personally gauge what I consider right fr om wrong. I believe that my values were formed early on in my childhood. I was raised by a multi-viewed religious family. I believe this allowed me to understand that while each person held a strong conviction, it was not necessarily aligned exactly with my own. It was permissible in my family to entertain other’s beliefs without fully incorporating them into my own value and belief system. I did not realize how strongly my own beliefs were until I married into a devout Catholic family. I took the educational courses to convert but when it came time to agree with their basic principles with the priest, I could not do it. That surprised many of my friends who told me to say I did and be done with it. They asked me what the big deal was. The priest however had a differing view and agreed with my final decision. If I could not accept their beliefs, I would not pay lip service to it for a ceremony. My husband agreed and though his family did not like it, we were married outside the Catholic Church. I believe much the same way with my professional ethics, when I took the Nightingale Pledge I meant every word and I review it as well as the American Nursing Association code of ethics and my state nurse practice acts at least once a year. Professional ethics is my framework for functioning in my professional role. It is important that I remember that health care values can change and this could impact mine and others professional ethics. When I worked in the hospital, I used to attend the ethical boards when open and accessible. It was always interesting to hear the rationale behind some of the decisions made and how at times the legal and ethical thoughts were not congruent. Ethical Theories and Principles According to Wacker Guido (2006), there are a number of ethical theories that have evolved over time. There are two basic distinctions in ethical issues called nonnormative and normative ethics. Normative ethics are concerned with analyzing the meaning, justification, and inferences whereas nonnormative are concerned with how choice of action is related to everyday life (Wacker Guido, 2006). Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"Ethical principles actually control professional decision making much more than do ethical theories† (p. 5). Deontological This theory holds that as a person facing ethical dilemmas, the person should maintain their commitments and fulfill his or her duties. It means not breaking promises made and following all laws, rules, and adhering to policies set. Accountability is important in this theory, and it is classified as non-consequential because doing one’s duty is more important than outcomes (Wacker Guido, 2006). I see this applying in my personal practice as a community nurse when I stop and offer assistance at a crash. I feel it is my duty to offer assistance when I am able. I am held accountable that I do not offer assistance outside my nurse practice act however; the Good Samaritan law will protect me regardless of outcomes. My intention of my action outweighs any consequences that may occur. I have many nurse friends who refuse to offer assistance worried of being sued. I know my state laws and that guides my actions. Teleological This theory is also called utilitarianism (Wacker Guido, 2006). This theory holds that the outcomes or whether the action was beneficial will determine whether or not it was ethical. This theory does not take into account the action itself but is concerned with the outcomes of the action. I tried to find an example of where I performed an act strictly because of the consequences regardless of whether or not the action was ethical or legal and I was somewhat at a loss. I at one time refused to release patient information to a police officer regarding a patient’s rape though it could have led to the perpetrator’s arrest, the patient did not wish her information released. â€Å"Under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 there is no absolute requirement for healthcare staff to disclose or not to disclose information to the police† (Beech, 2007, p. 5). Principalism Principalism is a theory that combines theories and attempts to answer ethical issues and dilemmas by application of multiple theories. Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"Because most nurses do not ascribe to either deontology or teleology exclusively, but to a combination of the two theories, principalism is growing in popularity† (p. 5). Ethical Principles There are seven ethica l principles that can be applied in every day practice. The first is autonomy. This ensures the patient’s right to self-determination. Though it is not an absolute right in some rare instances, it allows for the patient to decide against medical advice in keeping with his or her own beliefs. I have treated many Jehovah Witnesses throughout my career and have seen them decline blood products sometimes resulting in his or her death. It is their right to make that decision and was made with full knowledge of the possible outcomes of their decision. The second principle is beneficence and nonmaleficence. I see these tied hand in hand. It is my job to do well and to do no harm. There are occasions when the good outweighs possible harm, and â€Å"dual effect† must be considered. I have seen this done in hospice when to alleviate pain may impair respiratory function. The outcome is not to cause death but to alleviate suffering. The third is veracity. This principle holds that truth is to be told and not to make promises that cannot be guaranteed (Wacker Guido, 2006). I will not lie to a patient. I have been asked my many family members throughout my career not to tell the truth to a patient. If the patient is of age and in charge of their own decisions and care, I will not lie to my patients. The fourth is paternalism. This is a principle that I have a hard time with. It allows for the making of decisions for others. I believe that I can assist my patients by offering him or her the education and expected outcomes of treatment and refusal of treatment but I will not tell a patient what I would do in his or her circumstances. In truth, I have told many patients’ I do not know what I would do in their circumstances because I have never been in their particular situation. The adage of walk a mile in my shoes always comes to mind when I am asked this question. The fifth is justice. I embrace this principle with open arms. I do believe that everyone should be treated fairly and equally. I have had this tested when I have had to treat a rapist brought in by the local prison. I have my own baggage that I carry, and it took some self-reflection but I performed as I would expect anyone else in that situation that was a professional. The sixth and last is respect for others. Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"seen by many as the highest principle, incorporates all other principles† (P. 7). It is my belief that in doing this we treat others as we wish to be treated. It is also the first principle in the American Nurses Associations code of ethics (Wacker Guido, 2006). I use this principle every day. I am not perfect but I want to think that I try to, and succeed on a more rather than less scale to treat others in my personal and professional lives with as much respect as I expect to be treated with. I allow patient’s his or her right to choose and I can entertain your ideas without necessarily agreeing with him and her. Conclusion Nurses and all healthcare professionals come with their own unique personal values and interpretation of ethics. Ethical and legal issues as well as their resulting dilemmas are an integral part of nursing and can result in some interesting challenges. â€Å"Articulating and acting upon professional values with accountability is essential for the discipline of nursing in order to fortify and enhance its integrity and trust with global communities â€Å"(Milton, 2008, p. 303). As a nurse, I strive to assist my patients to make informed autonomous decisions regarding their healthcare. Each healthcare discipline must question, challenge, and reflect upon its practices in order to hold one another accountable so that the healthcare recipients’ human dignity, freedom, and personal autonomy to choose and make healthcare decisions may be enhanced†.

The History of the Telescope and Binoculars

The History of the Telescope and Binoculars Phoenicians cooking on sand first discovered glass around 3500 BCE, but it took another 5,000 years or so before glass was shaped into a lens to create the first telescope. Hans Lippershey of Holland is often credited with the invention sometime in the 16th century. He almost certainly wasn’t the first to make one, but he was the first to make the new device widely known. Galileo’s Telescope The telescope was introduced to astronomy in 1609 by the great Italian scientist Galileo Galilei   the  first man to see the craters on the moon. He went on to discover sunspots, the four large moons of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn. His telescope was similar to opera glasses. It used an arrangement of glass lenses to magnify objects. This provided up to 30 times magnification and a narrow field of view, so  Galileo could see no more than a quarter of the moons face without repositioning his telescope. Sir Isaac Newton’s Design Sir Isaac Newton  introduced a new concept in telescope design in 1704. Instead of glass lenses, he used a curved mirror to gather light and reflect it back to a point of focus. This reflecting mirror acted like a light-collecting bucket the bigger the bucket, the more light it could collect. Improvements to the First Designs   The Short telescope was created by Scottish optician and astronomer James Short in 1740. It was the first perfect parabolic, elliptic, distortionless mirror ideal for reflecting telescopes. James Short built over 1,360 telescopes.   The reflector telescope that Newton designed opened the door to magnifying objects millions of times, far beyond what could ever be achieved with a lens, but others tinkered with his invention over the years, trying to improve it. Newton’s fundamental principle of using a single curved mirror to gather in light remained the same, but ultimately, the size of the reflecting mirror was increased from the six-inch mirror used by Newton to a 6-meter mirror 236 inches in diameter. The mirror was provided by the Special Astrophysical Observatory in Russia, which opened in 1974. Segmented Mirrors The idea of using a segmented mirror dates back to the 19th century, but experiments with it were few and small. Many astronomers doubted its viability. The Keck Telescope finally pushed technology forward and brought this innovate design into reality. The Introduction of Binoculars The binocular is an optical instrument consisting of two similar telescopes, one for each eye, mounted on a single frame. When Hans Lippershey first applied for a patent on his instrument in 1608, he was actually asked to build a binocular version. He reportedly did so late that year.   Box-shaped binocular terrestrial telescopes were produced in the second half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century by Cherubin d’Orleans in Paris, Pietro  Patroni in Milan and I.M. Dobler in Berlin. These were not successful because of their clumsy handling and poor quality. Credit for the first real  binocular telescope goes to J. P. Lemiere who devised one in 1825. The modern prism binocular began with Ignazio Porros 1854 Italian patent for a prism erecting system.

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Investing In Real Estate Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Investing In Real Estate - Essay Example Is there such a thing like that? I believe there is. However, tantamount to the success of an individual in the field of investment are his or her invested efforts and generated knowledge. Today, there are many investments to choose from. The choice of one good investment is subjective or in a way, selective based on someone’s evaluative criteria. It is promising to invest in real estate, but it is still cannot be realized until someone learns to exert his or her efforts and critical analysis on related things, which are needed in order to successfully perpetuate in this kind of business. It takes extra effort to finally achieve the fruit of all endeavors. However, all exerted efforts are still subject to someone’s core skills. Just like any other investments, skills are needed to be successful in real estate investment. It can be actually viewed this way. The value of land does not depreciate. The law of supply and demand can actually be applied into this. Considering that the world population is increasing year by year, people are looking for resources to survive. The demand for land will increase. Land on the other hand will become a scarce resource. The higher the demands for land resource while its quantity decreases, the higher the price will become. This is one of the reasons why investing in real estate seems a good idea that somebody can carry on. In addition, as population increases, many people will be looking for homes. For those who cannot afford to buy a piece of land, the most convenient way is to look for housing for rent or affordable apartments for lease. This definitely makes investment in real estate an area of choice since a strong demand for shelter is integral to the existence of humanity. Many people are trying to invest in real estate for as mentioned, it promises good opportunity. Like any other investment, real estate is

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Research - Essay Example The most lingering question has been whether meditation has got a certain impact that has not been explored especially by the psychologists in the western parts. It has been wondered as to whether the effectiveness of therapy in any way is changed by the application of meditation, i.e. what psychological adjustments can be made by meditating. There have been also queries on whether meditation has got any side effects as pertaining to therapy, and if yes, how this could be overcome. There are many researches that have been done concerning how therapy and meditation integrates. Therefore, by reviewing some of these literatures, it can be established that there can occur various changes in psychology, behaviors, and cognitive changes of a person, which might be beneficial in the field of therapy. These reviews would thus show that meditation is more than a relaxing technique. In essence, there are many ways in which psychotherapy and meditation can be of help to one another. The limitation of using this review is however that most of the information used has taken several years. It is thus important to look for other recent researches to see if there are any major differences that have been made. Meditation has been found to be an important tool in helping psychiatric patients in a more effective manner. This technique helps the patients to understand their mental process, and thus be in a position to control it. This study was carried out by Deatherage (1975). Deatherage concluded that this process is very effective in terms of time to the person offering the therapy, hence cost effective. In a research done by Carpenter (1977), he found that there is a lot that meditation can offer to the practice of psychotherapy. This, he said is more effective because the practice puts together relaxing and self observation among other practices. In a similar study, Shapiro & Gilbert (1978) came up with two hypotheses that showed the

Gym Cultures Prominence In Society Cultural Studies Essay

Gym Cultures Prominence In Society Cultural Studies Essay Gym culture holds a prominent place in contemporary society. Studies1 focused on the physical dimensions of self-concept document the significance placed on physical appearance in evaluations of self-worth. The inconsistency between the real and ideal self is an important trigger within gym culture and this relationship is comprehensively and covertly exploited through media narratives and advertising images. Roland Barthes asserts that an imitated object makes something appear which remained invisible, or if one prefers, unintelligible in the natural object. Structural man takes the real, decomposes it, then recomposes it.2 Unravelling the means by which texts and images recomposed the original is at the centre of structuralist analysis. Concepts of semiology developed by Ferdinand de Saussure form the basis for structuralist methodology. Saussure rejected the conventional view of the linguistic sign as a name attached to an object in favour of the notion of the linguistic sign as a two-sided psychological entity.3 The word sign is used to describe the whole created through the combination of the signified (signifie) and the signifier (signifiant). The signifier is the materially perceptible component such as a sound, picture or written mark whilst the signified is the conceptual meaning. The relationship between the two, according to Saussure is arbitrary, founded entirely on social convention. Signs employed in the discourse of gym culture habitually focus on bodies. Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 all contain images of young, slim, and attractive 1 Maguire, J. and L. Mansfield, No-bodys perfect: women, aerobics, and the body beautiful Sociology of Sport Journal 5, 2 (1998): 109-137. 2 Critical Terms for Literary Study. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995. 3 The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Chris Baldick. Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press bodies. The relationship between the photographic images, the signifier, and the concept of youth, health and attractiveness, the signified, combine to create the sign. Roland Barthes however noted that this model focuses extensively on denotation to the detriment of connotation. In his initial investigations Barthes distinguishes between two forms of reference: denotation and connotation. Conventionally denotation is referred to as the literal, primary sense or straightforward dictionary meaning, whilst connotation refers to the range of further associations that a word evokes in addition to its denotation. The connotations of a particular word are a formulated sequence of qualities, contexts, and emotional responses commonly associated with that to which it refers. The context in which the word or phrase is used and the individual inclinations of the audience determine which connotations will be initiated. Initially Barthes suggested that analytically connotation can be distinguished from denotation4 in the same way that a photographic image represents the denotation of what is photographed, the connotation is exposed through how it is photographed. Barthes however later concluded that: denotation is not the first meaning, but pretends to be so; under this illusion, it is ultimately no more than the last of the connotations (the one which seems both to establish and close the reading), the superior myth by which the text pretends to return to the nature of language, to language as nature. The two women in Figure 1 and the woman in Figure 3 are all pictured wearing long pants. The same particular item of clothing is denoted in both advertisements, namely pants. However in Figure 1 the 4 Chandler, Daniel:  Semiotics for Beginners  (1994) pants are cargo pants whilst in Figure 3 the model wears jeans. Cargo pants connote youth, hip-hop and dance culture whilst jeans are associated with the everyday down-to-earth, girl-next-door. The style of pants selected reflect a range of connotations, the denoted image is inherently connotative. Barthes perspective exposes denotation as being no more natural than connotation but rather as stemming from a process of naturalization. Denotation is thus proved to be a product of ideology. Images prevalent in gym culture discourse documents this well. Note the similarity between the models selected in Figures 4, 5 and 6. They are all slim, tanned and tall with long blond hair and have been selected to portray a specific image of femininity influenced by historical attitudes and social convention, which conforms to contemporary westernized ideology. Similar images are presented to both male and female consumers. Fitness magazine (Figure 5) features an image of American television host K elly Ripa, with a byline suggesting that the magazine contains the secrets to how she got this buff, whilst the cover of Mens Fitness (Figure 6) has a byline suggesting that the magazine contains the secrets of how to gain hard abs, strong enough for a night with the featured Carmen Electra, glamour model and actress. Connotatively men should be fit and muscular to attract their ideal woman, and women should strive to be that ideal- attractive, slim, tanned and blond. The selection of celebrities this physical represented ideal suggests that fame, success and wealth accompany the ideal. These associations formed by groups of signs create a cultural paradigm. In the same way the Zumba advertisement in figure 1 is designed to immediately invoke connotations of a gym culture paradigm. The images are of one male and two female bodies. Little of their faces, apart from smiles suggesting fun and happiness, can be seen reinforcing a focus on moving bodies and physicality. Naked midriffs whilst emphasize muscled, slim bodies also invokes sexual connotations. Through metonymy the graphic representation of a speaker emphasizes the role of music and its associations with parties, social interaction. Strong colours are used and orange, the adverts predominant colour believed to be invigorating as it increases oxygen supply to the brain is used to reflect joy, enthusiasm, creativity, attraction, success and stimulation. It is also used to attract attention as it is high visibility. The line Ditch the workout, join the party! aligns working out with having a party. The word join is repeated four times reinforcing the idea of belonging, identifying wit h and being part of a particular group. The language choice is deliberately relaxed and informal, to emphasize fun. The paradigm created is one of youth, music, party, fun, sexual attraction, dancing and fitness, with a focus on belonging. Figure 2 is an advertisement for a Sony water resistant walk-man. Sony employ an approach common to brand-name product advertising, one whereby their product is aligned with culturally desirable paradigms, in this case fitness and health, thus advancing a connotative association between their product and other values their audience might hold. A young man is pictured, dressed in a vest he appears to have been running. The aim is to establish paradigmatic relationships between exercise and fitness and Sonys brand. In so doing Sony hope to include their product in a fitness paradigm and through this inclusion their brand comes to connote all that characterizes gym culture. Whilst Paradigmatic relations rely on familiar cultural associations to create meaning, syntagmatic relations create meaning through the sequence in which the signs are displayed. In Figure 1 the line Ditch the workout, join the party! aligns working out with having a party. In figures 3 and 4 both advertisements rely on an alternative semiotic structure in addition to paradigmatic relations to communicate their message. Both advertisements offer promises of transformation, figure one blatantly telling us before and after. A syntagmatic relation can be represented by the connotative narrative, a sequence of associated events: She joined the gym, exercised regularly, ate the right food, lost weight, and was thereby transformed. Because this is such a familiar narrative to us, the advertisement can invoke it and all its associations by just showing us a single image, the mirrored but subtly altered image of the women that represents the start and finish of the narrative. Our understand ing of figure 4 relies on previously learnt and accepted conventions. Barthes identified these previously learnt and recognised conventions as cultural codes which could be utilized in structural analysis of texts. 5 In contrast to the conventional definition of myth as a traditional or customary story Claude Levi-Strauss and Roland Barthes shifted the emphasis of myth as a plot to myth as a way of thinking akin to a kind of ideology. Roland Barthes 1957 Mythologies brought to light how myths are part of everyday modern life. Barthes demonstrates an idea of myth as a further sign, its foundations in language, but to which further implication is added. To make a myth, the sign itself is used as a signifier, and a new meaning is added, which is the signified. This additional meaning is not arbitrarily, even if the reader is not aware of it. Historically determined circumstances are presented as natural. Predominantly media driven modern myths are created to disseminate an impression of society that is 5 Leak, Andrew N. Barthes, Mythologies. London: Grant Cutler, 1994. compliant with current ideologies. The earlier discussion of the models chosen in figures 4, 5 and 6 is an example of how pervasive myth can be. Barthes characterizes myth as ubiguitous6 being or seeming to be everywhere at once. The tall, slim, blond woman is unanimously presented to male and female consumers alike as the ideal women. In addition myth is axiomatic operating as a sort of fusion of fact and value, it is assertive. Axiological language presenting a theory as a fact is frequently found in advertising narratives. Figure 4 contains a good example: inside everybody is a better body. Myths are not just narratives, but narratives mixed with other signs: Figure 3 suggests, through a combination of images, graphic representation and narrative, that joining their gym will make you younger. Gym culture serves as a good example of how myth permeates consumer driven society. According to Barthes uncovering of the Ideological abuse hidden in the display of what goes without saying lies at the centre of structuralist analysis and serves to warn that since the theft of language perpetrated by myth is so subtle that nothing appears to have been taken8 consumers are affected by it without even recognising its existence. 6 Leak, Andrew N. Barthes, Mythologies. London: Grant Cutler, 1994. 7 Ibid., 8 Ibid., p57

Roswell Crash Government Coverup :: essays research papers

Phenomena of the Roswell crash in 1947 July 8, is one the most famous incidences in our time, the reason we have computers, mobile phones, night vision goggles and Kevlar armor. All this was made possible within one year of the Roswell crash. Roswell crash was covered up for more than 30 years. Then, in 1978, ufologist Stanton T. Friedman restarted the investigation behind the Roswell crash. From what he fond out about the crash showed us that the governments' cover-up was a fraud and we have all the proof we need. In the Roswell cover-up they stated that the debris they found was parts of a weather balloon. A year later they confessed that they lied about the weather balloon and that the debris was part of a secret government project called ?Project Mogul? which was planed to spy on the Russians just in case of a nuclear attack and that they had to cover-up for the security of the nation. The ?Project Mogul? could not be part of a secret government project that cost the government more than $5 million dollars. The project it self looks like someone put together a big balloon kite thing from household things, and our reports also mention 3 people confirming that the RAAF (Roswell Army Air Field) got instructions to bribe some soldiers to pretend that they were part of the construction of the ?Project Mogul?. Even fake files have been made to prove it. In total RAAF bribed 10 people (entire ?Project Mogul? staff was composed of only 10 people) but 3 people mysteriously disappeared, 2 people were shot dead proclaimed for going AWOL, 2 more people still refusing to cooperate from the fear of what the RAAF might do to them and only 3 cooperated knowing they would die from natural causes, so they confirmed that there was a UFO and some of the 500 first hand witnesses said that they saw ?little people? on the crash sight. The government said that the ?little people? were not people, or in that case aliens, but test dummies from ? Roswell Crash Government Coverup :: essays research papers Phenomena of the Roswell crash in 1947 July 8, is one the most famous incidences in our time, the reason we have computers, mobile phones, night vision goggles and Kevlar armor. All this was made possible within one year of the Roswell crash. Roswell crash was covered up for more than 30 years. Then, in 1978, ufologist Stanton T. Friedman restarted the investigation behind the Roswell crash. From what he fond out about the crash showed us that the governments' cover-up was a fraud and we have all the proof we need. In the Roswell cover-up they stated that the debris they found was parts of a weather balloon. A year later they confessed that they lied about the weather balloon and that the debris was part of a secret government project called ?Project Mogul? which was planed to spy on the Russians just in case of a nuclear attack and that they had to cover-up for the security of the nation. The ?Project Mogul? could not be part of a secret government project that cost the government more than $5 million dollars. The project it self looks like someone put together a big balloon kite thing from household things, and our reports also mention 3 people confirming that the RAAF (Roswell Army Air Field) got instructions to bribe some soldiers to pretend that they were part of the construction of the ?Project Mogul?. Even fake files have been made to prove it. In total RAAF bribed 10 people (entire ?Project Mogul? staff was composed of only 10 people) but 3 people mysteriously disappeared, 2 people were shot dead proclaimed for going AWOL, 2 more people still refusing to cooperate from the fear of what the RAAF might do to them and only 3 cooperated knowing they would die from natural causes, so they confirmed that there was a UFO and some of the 500 first hand witnesses said that they saw ?little people? on the crash sight. The government said that the ?little people? were not people, or in that case aliens, but test dummies from ?

Black Power Movement Usa

Cultural Diversity Black Power From the start of our country African Americans had been beneath white society. The civil rights movement of the south put an end to segregation and gave African Americans the same rights as an Anglo American legally. Racism and black segregation were still very much alive though, and if African Americans were ever to be treated as equals they would need to liberate from white society and truly empower themselves. This was the Black Power Movement. The movement for Black Power started during the civil rights movement in the 1960s.The movement was made up of several different organizations and spoke persons with a variety of ideas and views differing from that of Martian Luther King and the civil rights movement. They felt that the civil rights movement to end segregation was not enough and many black power advocates rejected the civil rights movements’ ultimate goal of assimilation. They believed that white racism and institutional discrimination would always be a part of American culture and society, and did not want to be integrated into the very system that for centuries oppressed, denigrated, and devalued blacks.The Black Power movement was built around ideas of racial pride and Black Nationalism with groups working to increase African American control over schools, law enforcement, welfare programs, and other public services in black communities. They felt that to be equal they must liberate and truly empower themselves on there own terms in order to gain power and stand up to the dominant group. Advocates of Black Power were open to the use of violence in order to achieve there goals, which was in direct contrast to the non-violent approach demonstrated by Martin Luther King jr. ,leader of the civil rights movement.The first popular use of the term Black Power as a social and political slogan came from Stokely Carmichael, an organizer and spokesperson for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) a group as sociated with the civil rights movement. The SNCC was made up mainly of younger members who over time became more violent and outspoken in the belief of Black Nationalism. During the civil rights’ March against Fear there was a division between those aligned with Martian Luther King jr. and those aligned with Stokely Carmichael each having there own respective slogans of â€Å"Freedom Now† and â€Å"Black Power†.During the March a man by the name of James Meredith was gunned down and Carmichael is quoted in saying â€Å"This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power! † From then on the SNCC was for the Black Power movement and Black separatism from whites. The goal of Black Nationalism was also held by the Black Muslims a religious group under the Nation of Islam fighting for Black Power.The Bla ck Muslims were a well known organization within the movement. They were angry, impatient, outspoken, and did more then just talk. There goal was to develop the black community economically in order to supply jobs and gain capital solely by using their own resources, which would help them deal with the white society from a more powerful position. One of the best leaders of the Black Muslims and of the Black Power movement was Malcolm X. He was a very well known and heard man who studied under Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam.Malcolm X believed in black independence from white society and brought his strong views against white racism and discrimination to the public eye more so then maybe any other leader of the movement and became a threaten figure to white America. Malcolm X was later assassinated in 1965 not due to conflicts with white society, but due to conflicts within the Nation of Islam, specifically those dealing with leader Elijah Muhammad. The SNCC and Bl ack Muslims looked at white society as one and in turn formed there own racism and prejudice to all whites and believed in Black separatism and Black Nationalism.The Black Panthers however were a well known group of the Black Power Movement and believed in neither Black separatism nor Black Nationalism. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seal, founders of the Black Panthers believed in creating a political group for the people, one that would stand up for the opposed against those who oppose them. They felt the national government not white society was holding them down and the struggle for blacks came more from economic exploitation then from racism.Here is a quote from Bobby Seal as writing in his book Seize The Time â€Å"In our view it is a class struggle between the massive proletarian working class and the small, minority ruling class. Working-class people of all colors must unite against the exploitative, oppressive ruling class. So let me emphasize again — we believe our fight is a class struggle and not a race struggle. † Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seal believed in something bigger, something along the lines of a revolution with the strength of numbers and will power of the people leading the way.Newtown and Seal received much harassment from law enforcement because of this message, so much so that Newton was convicted of killing a police officer and thrown in prison causing much uproar in the legions people he stood up for. The Black Panthers are still very much alive today and continue to stand up for the people. Here is a statement from there website, â€Å"We know now, more then ever before, that the will of the people is greater than the technology and repression of those who are against the interests of the people. Therefore we know that we can and will continue to serve and educate the people†.All three of these groups had significant role in the black power movement and there anger and aggression both directly and indirectly helped pa ve the way for black politics. The National Black Political convention was held March 10-12 1972 in Gary, Indiana and was a huge milestone for black politicians to come and we now have a black man in office. In close, looking at the situation I feel there are both pros and cons. I believe the movement for Black Power helped open the worlds eyes to inequality and inspired movements to come such as women’s rights, red power, and gay/lesbian rights to name a few.The movement gave the black community a sense of pride to be black and helped cure the pains left by years of slavery and segregation. In turn though this caused more racism both from blacks and whites alike due to such a strong emphasis on race and black segregation. This racism is still easy to see in present time, although the discrimination is definitely lower. I believe if the civil rights and Black Power movements could have worked as one, things would have turned out better for the black community overall.This is an image of Tommie Smith and John Carlos, two American track athletes who placed first and third respectively giving the Black Power salute on the podium at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. This caused great controversy and both were kicked out of the Olympic village and were expelled from the games by the IOC. Both men were booed by the crowd when they left the podium and Smith later stated â€Å"If I win, I am American, not a black American. But if I did something bad, then they would say I am a Negro. We are black and we are proud of being black. Black America will understand what we did tonight†.Bibliography . Black Panthers, www. BlackPanther. org . Black Muslims, http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/society/A0807794. html . Malcolm X, http://www. malcolmx. com/about/bio3. html . SNCC, http://mlk-kpp01. stanford. edu/index. php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_student_nonviolent_coordinating_committee_sncc/ . Black Power wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Black_Powe r . In search of African America, http://www. hoover. archives. gov/exhibits/africanamerican/blackpower/index. html . Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class 5th edition Pg. 256-258 [pic][pic]